What it is
A cataract is clouding of the eye's natural lens, which sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris). It causes blurred vision, glare, reduced contrast and difficulty with everyday activities. Cataracts most often develop with age, but can also be caused by diabetes, eye injuries, certain medicines or other eye conditions, and can affect one or both eyes. Phacoemulsification, or “phaco”, is a modern technique for removing it. The surgeon makes a small opening at the edge of the cornea (the clear front window of the eye), breaks the cloudy lens into tiny pieces using ultrasound, and gently removes them. A clear artificial lens, called an intraocular lens (IOL), is then placed where the natural lens was.
Who it's for
People whose cataract makes daily life difficult — reading, driving (especially at night), recognising faces or doing their work. Common signs are blurred or dim vision, glare around lights, faded colours and frequent changes in glasses power. Surgery is considered when the cataract affects your daily activities, or when it is needed for other clinical reasons. Your doctor will examine your eyes and review your general health to decide whether and when surgery is right for you.
What to expect
A comprehensive cataract evaluation looks at your eye health, your visual needs and your lifestyle. Your eye is measured to choose the right intraocular lens (IOL), and the surgery is planned individually. You may be given eye drops to start at home. On the day, the eye is numbed with drops or a small injection (local anaesthesia), so you stay awake; most people feel only light pressure. The operation usually takes under half an hour and is done as day-care surgery, so most patients go home the same day with someone to accompany them.
Recovery
Many people notice better vision within the first few days, although complete visual recovery varies from person to person. You will use prescribed eye drops for a few weeks and may wear a protective shield while sleeping for the first days. Avoid rubbing the eye, and follow your surgeon's advice about bathing, exercise, heavy lifting and dust. Attend all follow-up visits, and contact the hospital straight away if you notice increasing pain, redness or a drop in vision.
Frequently asked questions
Is cataract surgery painful?
The operation is done under anaesthesia to keep you comfortable, and most people feel only light pressure. Mild irritation for a few days afterwards can occur.
When should cataract surgery be done?
Surgery is considered when the cataract affects your daily activities, or when it is needed for other clinical reasons. The cataract does not need to “ripen” first. The decision is made after an examination and a discussion with your ophthalmologist.
Will I still need glasses after cataract surgery?
It depends on the lens implanted, any glasses power that remains after surgery (residual refractive error) and your visual needs. With a standard (monofocal) lens, most people still need reading glasses. Your doctor will explain the lens options that suit your eyes.
Can a cataract come back after surgery?
The removed cataract does not grow back. However, the thin membrane behind the lens implant can become cloudy later — called posterior capsule opacification. This can usually be treated with a quick YAG laser capsulotomy.
Can both eyes be operated on together?
Usually one eye is done at a time, a few days or weeks apart, so the first eye can heal. Your doctor will plan the timing with you.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Sweta Patro
